Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

Hello everyone, 

This blog is part of Thinking activity task of Frankenstein. 

 

1. What is major difference between movie and novel ?

In the movie when Victor's brother killed by Monster that time Victor remains present . But in book it is not so. In the movie Female Monster suicides while in the book Victor kills her. 

In the movie Monster collects beetroots while in the book he collects firewood. In the movie at the end Victor made Elizabeth alive, in the novel it was not so. In the movie Creature learns only from Victor's journal on the other hand in novel there is three books Paradise Lost, Sorrow of Werter, and lives by Plutarch. 

2. Who do you think is a real monster?

According to me the real monster is society. When there is case of Victor, his whole life from the beginning to end he influenced by society. Society isn't easily accept Victor's quest for knowledge which leads him to make creature. When we look at Creature, society is monster for him. Society never accept Creature and this rejection leads him to take revenge. 

3. Do you think the search for knowledge is dangerous and distractive?

No not at all, Curiosity is driving force to live a life and search for knowledge is part of it. It constantly provides us new thing. There must be ethics for searching knowledge. Human is the centre for earth and knowledge that disaster human is not appreciated.

4. Do you think Victor Frankenstein's creature was inherently evil, or did society's rejection and mistreatment turn him into a monster ? 

Creature is born as new born, slowly and steadily he learns. Even he learnt first word Friend, which symbolises that creature was not inherently evil. It was the rejection and society's inability to accept him as human beings. 

“I expected this reception,” said the daemon. “All men hate the wretched; how, then, must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things!”

"Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition; for often, like him, when I viewed the bliss of my protectors, the bitter gall of envy rose within me." 

In this dailogues we can find how loneliness it is. 

5. Should there be on scientific exploration? If so, what should those limits be. 

Science is essential in this days and bliss for us. Scientific exploration should be conducted within ethical boundaries, respecting principles such as informed consent, privacy, environmental responsibility, and safety. Transparency, global collaboration, and cultural sensitivity should guide research, while avoiding harm and ensuring the responsible use of knowledge.

Thank you.  

Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads

 How French Revolution influenced Wordsworth's Romanticism ? 

The French Revolution had a significant influence on William Wordsworth and the development of Romanticism in his poetry. Here are some ways in which the French Revolution impacted Wordsworth's Romanticism:

1. Idealism and Aspiration for Change:

  The French Revolution symbolized the aspiration for freedom, equality, and social justice. Wordsworth, like many other Romantic poets, was inspired by the ideals of the revolution. He saw it as an opportunity for societal transformation and a break from the oppressive traditions of the past.

2. Celebration of Individualism: 

The French Revolution emphasized individual rights and liberty. Wordsworth's Romantic poetry often celebrated the individual's connection to nature and the importance of personal experience and emotions. This emphasis on individualism was in line with the revolutionary spirit of the time.

3. Critique of Industrialization: 

The Industrial Revolution, which coincided with Wordsworth's lifetime, brought about significant social and environmental changes. Wordsworth and other Romantic poets critiqued the negative aspects of industrialization, such as urbanization, pollution, and the loss of connection to the natural world. This critique was influenced by the revolutionary ideals of equality and a return to simpler, more harmonious ways of life.

4.Inspiration from Common People: 

The French Revolution championed the rights and voices of common people. Wordsworth was deeply influenced by the lives and experiences of ordinary individuals. He often drew inspiration from the lives of rural and working-class people, celebrating their dignity and resilience in his poetry.

5. Spirit of Revolution and Rebellion: 

The revolutionary spirit of challenging authority and the status quo also found its way into Wordsworth's poetry. He expressed a sense of rebellion against oppressive institutions and traditions in his works.

6. Return to Nature: 

Wordsworth's Romanticism is characterized by a return to nature and a belief in its healing and transformative powers. This idea resonated with the revolutionary notion of returning to a more natural and just state of society, free from the corruption of monarchy and aristocracy.

7. Emphasis on Emotion and Passion:

 The French Revolution was characterized by intense emotions, fervor, and passion. Wordsworth's poetry reflects this emphasis on emotional expression and the belief that emotions are a powerful and authentic way of experiencing the world. He sought to capture the depth of human feeling in his verses, often celebrating the sublime and the intense.

8. Revolutionary Language and Rhetoric:

 The fiery language and rhetoric of the French Revolution, with its calls for liberty and justice, had a lasting impact on Wordsworth's use of language. He employed vivid and impassioned language in his poetry to convey the intensity of his emotions and beliefs.

9. Rejection of Traditional Authority:

The French Revolution's rejection of traditional authority, including the monarchy and the church, resonated with Wordsworth's rejection of the established poetic norms and styles of his time. He sought to break free from the rigid conventions of 18th-century poetry and explore new forms of expression.

10. Experiences in France : 

Wordsworth spent a considerable amount of time in France during the revolutionary period, which exposed him to the revolutionary fervor firsthand. He witnessed the hopes and disillusionments of the revolution, which informed his understanding of human nature, societal change, and the complexities of idealism.

11. Political Evolution: 

Wordsworth's political views evolved over time, influenced by the changing dynamics of the French Revolution. Initially, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolution's ideals. However, as the revolution descended into violence and chaos, he became more cautious and critical. This evolution is reflected in his poetry, which explores the complexities of political change and human nature.

12. Sense of Hope and Disillusionment:

 The French Revolution inspired a sense of hope for a better future but also led to disillusionment as it faced internal conflicts and external opposition. Wordsworth's poetry often grapples with these conflicting emotions—hope for positive change and the disillusionment that can follow idealistic aspirations.

13. Connection to Universal Themes: 

The themes of liberty, equality, justice, and the struggle for a better world that were central to the French Revolution are universal themes that resonate in Wordsworth's poetry. His exploration of these themes extends beyond the historical context of the revolution and speaks to enduring human concerns.

Incorporating these points, we can see how the French Revolution deeply influenced Wordsworth's poetic sensibilities, from his emotional intensity to his exploration of universal themes and his evolving political views. The revolution's impact on his life and work helped shape the distinct character of Wordsworthian Romanticism.

Write brief note on the self-contadictory observation of  in Preface to Lyrical Ballad. 

A self-contradictory observation in the Preface to "Lyrical Ballads" by William Wordsworth is the tension between using "language really used by men" and "throwing over them a certain colouring of imagination." Wordsworth aims to use ordinary language while also employing imaginative and poetic elements, creating a paradox in his poetic philosophy. 

London poem by William Wordsworth: 

"London, 1802" by William Wordsworth is a sonnet that laments the moral and intellectual decline of England during his time. It calls for the return of the spirit of John Milton to inspire a revitalization of the nation. In this poem, Wordsworth adheres to his poetic creed, emphasizing:

1. Simplicity of Language: He uses straightforward language to convey his plea for moral regeneration, in line with his belief in the power of simple, everyday language to convey profound ideas.

2. Moral Concern: 

Wordsworth's poetry often focused on the moral dimensions of human existence. Here, he seeks to rekindle moral rectitude in the people of London and England, reflecting his belief in literature's capacity to influence human behavior positively.

3. Idealism: 

The poem idealizes the past, represented by Milton, as a time of moral and intellectual greatness, reflecting Wordsworth's belief in the potential for positive societal change.

In essence, "London, 1802" reflects Wordsworth's poetic creed by highlighting the role of poetry in addressing societal issues and calling for a return to moral and intellectual greatness in his nation.

Work Cited:

Chatgpt.” ChatGPT, 26 Sept. 2023, openai.com/chatgpt.

Retsamadhi by Gitanjali Shree

Tomb of Sand (originally titled Ret Samadhi, Hindi: रेत समाधि) is a 2018 Hindi-language novel by Indian author Geetanjali Shree. It was translated into English by U.S. translator Daisy Rockwell. In 2022, the book became the first novel translated from an Indian language to win the International Booker Prize.

The story begins with two women characters. In the very first scene, we find death, and then the story begins. The description of the mother's character's room is quite colloquial.

The word you're looking for, which represents a sound with meaning but no proof, is "grief." It reflects the emotions of a person on their deathbed who no longer desires to live. It's as if they tear themselves away from life. Perhaps, the question arises, why isn't there a door that can be torn open, where the strength to endure and support can increase?

The very idea of a threshold brings forth uncertainty because it's challenging to decide what's better, the past inside or the future outside.

The metaphor of the road is famous, representing life's journey from where it begins to where it ends, an unknown destination. This notion also reflects that sons often become the primary support for parents in later life, while daughters don't always fulfill this role. Even the affection sons have for their parents in their youth can fade over time.

In childhood, we may love some habits of children, but as they grow, the same habits can become irritating. This mirrors human behavior. When daughters are denied freedom in childhood, it may be accepted, but when they resist societal rules and restrictions in the future, it can be hard to accept. Additionally, when daughters run away from home, their treatment and society's double standards come into question.

"एक को अपराध बौध हों की मेने नहीं निभाया और इसीलिए पलट के वापिस आ गयी" (daughter) और "दूसरे को अश्वस्ती हो की बहुत निभाया इसीलिए निकल गयी।" (daughter-in-law).

#Riboke is used here as an exquisite symbol of freedom, showing how women learn to assert their freedom. In every family, there's often a boy who encourages the women to rebel against patriarchy, as Gitanjali portrays. Human nature is insatiable; it always desires something more, like the ugly desiring beauty, Bharat wanting Pakistan, the blind desiring sight, and the unemployed seeking jobs.

Accidental incidents are significant in life, whether they bring good or disaster. It's challenging to find complete satisfaction in life due to the world's unending demands, consumerism, and fake culture. There's an allusion to Julius Caesar, and it's hard to smile when one is well aware of the world's harsh realities. Lavish parties organized by the upper class are also discussed, along with the exploitation of government officers' servants.

The mother's pension after the father's death is central for her children, leading to conflicts and attempts to forge her signature. Environmental issues like droughts and tsunamis are briefly mentioned. The presence of numerous deity idols and regular family puja rituals is highlighted as part of Indian culture.

"Kalptaru" is known as a divine tree that fulfills wishes, including evil ones. In the story, mother is considered a "Kalptaru," and people come to her to ask for their wishes. These wishes, in reality, often revolve around marriage, education, money, reflecting class struggles.

"जल समाधि और रेत समाधि के आध्यात्मिक प्रकाश पुंज ने उनके चेहरे को उजवलित कर दिया।" The story of Bodhisattva reflects the spiritual journey of Buddha. Broken idols are considered ominous. The difficulty in developing Israel and Italy is discussed, highlighting the harsh reality of these countries and their focus on excavation rather than development. Developed countries take advantage of these third-world countries, as portrayed.

A new stick given to Ma disappears, and Ma herself vanishes. The symbol of the new stick represents a fresh start for her. After a long period of estrangement, she elopes, but her destination is unknown. Later, coincidentally, Ma returns home.

The story challenges the traditional notion that parents should not live with their daughters. Mother is recovering from her ill-health, and the relationship between Sunrays and Mother symbolizes her recovery and renewed desire to live. However, her sudden presence disrupts her daughter's life, and the daughter struggles to adjust.

The sound of Mother's bangles, typically melodious, becomes symbolic of interference in the daughter's life. The daughter longs for her space, leading to inner chaos. Meanwhile, Mother seems to grow younger day by day, causing jealousy in her daughter. The daughter feels alienated by decisions made without her input.

"कार्य देवी झांकती है। डर जाती है। यहां तो बड़ा मोजोगुल है। हम तो विरानी की देवी है। पतली गली से खिसक लेते है।" The daughter's profession is writing, and this change affects her professional life, leading to an identity crisis. Frequent appearances of rainbows and direct narration are connected to Mother's desire to regain her zest for life.

The book satirizes various contemporary issues through discussions, including language, race, differing opinions, El Niño, La Niña, and more. The story also portrays the mother's repeated hospital visits, with her son primarily concerned about signing checks in case of her death.

"अपने से अलग भागा भी नही जा सकता।" Sentences like these constantly reflect the daughter's inner turmoil. "घंटी सिटी लेखन" is connected with those who manage their work throughout the day. The character of Rosy Bua is quite peculiar, and the daughter harbors jealousy towards her.

Additionally, scenes describing the exploration of nature are interspersed. Rosy's death disturbs Mother, and she experiences isolation once again, but this time, she has a different plan: to go to Pakistan. "अस्सी साल पे मां स्वार्थी हो गई।"

Mother decides to fulfill Rosy's desire to go to Pakistan. There's a scene at the Wagah Border, where one writer expresses a dilemma: "मेरे अंदर जमाने और जमीन अस्तव्यत है। कभी कभी बिल्कुल पता नही चलता की कहा किस जग में हूं। "

Furthermore, in the later part of the book, we encounter the horror of the partition of India and Pakistan. The background and misery of that time are reflected with horrifying descriptions. Mother embarks on a journey to explore Pakistan, and there are references to Rudyard Kipling's "Kim." She meticulously follows all of Rosy's instructions, even down to the choice of sweets, illustrating the strong bond between Mother and Rosy.

The kidnapping of women and their stories, initially horrifying, is later revealed to be an act of saving them from an evil man. The story has its share of ups and downs. In the end, two star-crossed lovers, Mother and Arnab, come together. One can witness the horrors of partition and its impact on individual lives.

In a way, this book deserves the Booker Prize. It's a worthwhile read.

Thank you for reading.

Nagative Capability by John Keats

 

Hello everyone, this blog is part of Thinking activity task.

What is Nagative capability?  Explain with the example of Keats poems.

Defination: 

"Negative Capability, that is when man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason."

In other words, Negative Capability is the ability to remain content and comfortable in a state of uncertainty and doubt without feeling the need to forcefully seek concrete answers or explanations. It's a willingness to embrace the unknown and appreciate the beauty of ambiguity without the need for immediate resolution.

John Keats Personal life : 

John Keats' personal life was deeply connected to the concept of "negative capability." Keats himself experienced a great deal of hardship and uncertainty in his own life, which influenced his understanding of this concept. Some key aspects of his life that connect to negative capability include:

1. Personal Loss: Keats faced significant personal losses throughout his life, including the deaths of his parents when he was young and the death of his younger brother Tom from tuberculosis. These experiences of grief and loss undoubtedly contributed to his appreciation of the complexities and uncertainties of human existence.

2. Financial Struggles: Keats also struggled financially as a young poet and had to work as an apothecary to support himself. His financial difficulties added an element of uncertainty and insecurity to his life, reinforcing his understanding of negative capability.

3. Illness: Keats himself contracted tuberculosis, a disease that was often fatal during his time. His struggle with illness and the uncertainty of his own mortality likely deepened his contemplation of life's uncertainties and the need to accept them.

4. Romantic Relationships: Keats had complicated romantic relationships, including his love for Fanny Brawne. The uncertainty and emotional turmoil in his love life further shaped his understanding of the human capacity to live with ambiguity and unanswered questions.

In nutshell, John Keats' personal experiences of loss, financial difficulties, illness, and complex relationships all contributed to his development of the concept of negative capability. These experiences made him keenly aware of the importance of embracing uncertainty and ambiguity as part of the human condition, and this idea is reflected in his poetry and letters.

Let's analyze John Keats' concept of "negative capability" in his poetry. 

1. Ode to a Nightingale:

 In this famous poem, Keats experiences a deep connection with the nightingale's song, but he also acknowledges the fleeting nature of happiness and beauty. He doesn't seek to explain or understand it fully, embracing the mystery of the bird's song and the emotions it stirs within him.

2. Ode on a Grecian Urn: 

Keats looks at an ancient Greek urn with scenes frozen in time. He marvels at the beauty and timelessness of the artwork but realizes that it represents a world he can never truly be part of. He doesn't try to decipher all the stories on the urn; instead, he accepts the unresolved mysteries, finding artistic inspiration in that ambiguity.

3. La Belle Dame Sans Merci: 

This poem tells a story of a knight who falls in love with a mysterious and ultimately destructive fairy-like woman. Keats doesn't fully explain who or what she is, leaving room for interpretation. The knight's suffering and the mysterious nature of the woman embody the idea of negative capability, where not everything is spelled out.

In these poems, Keats embraces uncertainty, fleeting moments, and the mysteries of life and art without insisting on clear answers or explanations. He allows the beauty and emotions of the moment to shine through, even if they remain enigmatic. This is the essence of negative capability in his poetry.

Thank you. 

Absalom and Achitophel

  

Hello everyone, this blog is part of thinking activity task. 

For backgrond reading you can visit below button. 

Background

Que:1 Draw character chart of Absalom and Achitophel. 

Que:2 Theme of Absalom and Achitophel. 

The theme of "Absalom and Achitophel" is about political power, loyalty, and the struggle for leadership. It's like a story with hidden meanings. Let me explain some of the key themes using lines from the poem:

1. Political Power and Loyalty:The poem talks about how people in power, like kings and leaders, need loyal followers. It says, 

"Greatness with Timely Praise their Passion moves; | The Fools are Envy'd, but the Wise are Lov'd."

 This means that when leaders are praised at the right time, they are admired by smart people, but others may become jealous.

2. Treachery and Betrayal:It shows how some people can betray their leaders. It says, 

"That jaundic'd Eye of his, and Feverish Heat, | Inflam'd him with a false, Diseas'd Delight."

 This means that a person's unhealthy desires and bad intentions can lead them to betray others.

3. The Struggle for Leadership: The poem tells a story of a son (Absalom) wanting to take his father's (David) place as a leader. It says,

 "The Anointed Son assumes the Regal Style, | Nor Tarquin nor Agrippa's Arms the while."

 This means that the son tries to become the ruler, and it compares him to ancient leaders like Tarquin and Agrippa.

Overall, "Absalom and Achitophel" uses this story to talk about the challenges of leadership, loyalty, and the dangers of betrayal in a clever and poetic way.

Que:3 Beginning of the poem : 

Here are the opening lines of John Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel" along with a description:

Lines from the Poem:

"The Jews, a headstrong, moody, murm'ring race,

As ever tri'd th'extent and stretch of grace;

God's pamper'd people whom, debauch'd with ease,

No king could govern, nor no God could please;

(God they had tri'd of every shape and size,

That godsmiths could produce, or priests devise;)"

Description :

The poem starts by describing the Jewish people as headstrong and difficult to please. It says they tested the patience and mercy of God. These lines set the tone for the poem, comparing the Jews to a challenging group to govern, much like the political situation in England during the time of Charles II, which the poem allegorically addresses.

Lines from the Poem:

"Their diff'ring factions, and contrarious lusts,

Found other objects for debate than trust.

And said, they ow'd their rev'rence to a king,

Whom men could neither love, nor trust nor sing."

Description:

In these lines, the poem speaks of the divided and conflicting factions among the Jewish people. They were more focused on their disagreements and desires than on having trust in their leadership. The mention of owing reverence to a king they couldn't love or trust sets the stage for the political turmoil and lack of trust in the leadership of Charles II in 17th-century England, which the poem allegorically addresses.

Que: 4 Comparison of  similar work like Absalom and Achitophel.

 Here's a comparison of "Absalom and Achitophel" and the hypothetical play "The Country Conundrum" in paragraph form:

"Absalom and Achitophel" by John Dryden is a renowned 17th-century political and satirical allegorical poem. It sets its stage in the historical context of 17th-century England and utilizes allegorical characters like King David (representing Charles II) and Achitophel (representing the Earl of Shaftesbury) to comment on issues of political power, loyalty, and leadership during a turbulent era. Dryden's poetic verses, rich in biblical allusions, create an intricate tapestry of satire that reflects the complex political landscape of his time.

In contrast, the hypothetical play "The Country Conundrum" is a satirical theatrical work set in a fictional country amidst political turmoil. Its characters, such as King Edmund, Lady Amelia, Lord William, and Sir Charles, symbolize political archetypes. The play explores themes akin to "Absalom and Achitophel," including political power, ambition, and loyalty, but within a fictional context. 

While both works employ satire to comment on the complexities of leadership, they differ in format and setting. "The Country Conundrum" takes the form of a play with dialogue and scenes, allowing for a distinct theatrical experience, while "Absalom and Achitophel" remains a poetic masterpiece entrenched in historical allegory.

Work Cited: 

Chatgpt.” ChatGPT, 23 Sept. 2023, openai.com/chatgpt.

The Rape Of the lock

This blog is based upon Thinking activity task assigned by Vaidehi Mam. 

 1.) According to you, who is the protagonist of the poem Clarissa or Belinda? Why? Give your answer with logical reasons.

In the poem "The Rape of the Lock" by Alexander Pope, the protagonist is Belinda (according to me aslo). This is because the poem primarily revolves around her and her experiences. The narrative focuses on Belinda's actions, her beauty, and the events surrounding her. Furthermore, the poem's title itself suggests her central role as it refers to her. Therefore, Belinda can be considered the protagonist of the poem based on her prominence and central role in the story.

2.) What is beauty? Write your views about it.

Beauty is thoughts and virtues. Beauty is defined also as behaviour and kindness. Someone can be beautiful when their inner soul is beautiful. 

3.) Find out a research paper on "The Rape of the Lock". Give the details of the paper and write down in brief what it says about the Poem by Alexander Pope.

Satire is a type of writing that makes fun of the flaws and problems in society to encourage improvement. Two famous writers, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, used satire effectively during the Augustan Age to criticize their society. This study focuses on their works, "The Rape of the Lock" by Pope and "Gulliver's Travels" by Swift, to explore how they used satire.

In "The Rape of the Lock," Pope satirized the upper-class society of his time, including aristocratic women and men, judges, and politicians. Swift, on the other hand, used "Gulliver's Travels" to satirize the pride of 18th-century English people and humanity as a whole.

The study's objectives are to show how Pope and Swift used satire, highlight their similarities and differences in using satire, and demonstrate how satire helps us understand society.

Many scholars have studied Pope and Swift's use of satire. Stephen Holliday praised Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" for effectively ridiculing the trivial dispute over a lock of hair and the people involved. Jonathan emphasized that both Pope and Swift used satire to criticize the moral corruption of their society and inspire change.

Swift's satire in "Gulliver's Travels" reflects his dissatisfaction with society, highlighting its shortcomings. Swift believed that satire could push society toward improvement.

The methodology of this study is descriptive analysis, using primary sources like Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" and Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," along with secondary sources such as comments and reviews.

Satire comes in two types: Horatian, which uses gentle humor to criticize, and Juvenalian, which employs harsh, bitter criticism. Pope used Horatian satire, while Swift used Juvenalian. Pope's satire is known for its wit and intellect, while Swift's is more contemptuous.

In "The Rape of the Lock," Pope satirizes the fashionable and trivial world of 18th-century England, where people prioritize beauty and fashion over everything else. He mocks how people can act foolishly in the pursuit of beauty.

Overall, Pope and Swift used satire differently, but both aimed to shed light on the flaws of their society and encourage positive change. Pope targeted the upper class, while Swift criticized human nature itself. Satire served as a tool for them to critique and reform their society.

4.) Write your views about the significance of hair. Is it symbolic?

There is lots of things connected with hair. From the ancient time people are fond of hair. In the past even male are putting hair. Indian has culture of doing #cur (hair cut ceremony) for children. Moreover, Bramhin family has rituals to put long hair choti. hair continues to be a symbol of beauty, femininity, and cultural identity. According to me, hair are just a part of body and it's matter only with curtain level.

Work Cited : 

August 14, 2022, et al. The Rape of the Lock - Alexander Pope, vaidehi09.blogspot.com/2022/08/the-rape-of-lock-alexander-pope.html?m=1. Accessed 19 Sept. 2023. 

USE OF SATIRE IN THE RAPE OF THE LOCK AND GULLIVER’S TRAVELS: A ..., miurs.manarat.ac.bd/download/Issue-05/14.pdf. Accessed 19 Sept. 2023. 

Post-Truth- Truth vs Emotion: The New reality

 

Hello everyone, 

This blog is based on Sunday reading activity on Post-truth. For basic understanding of task you can visit this page. 

Background Reading

“Post-Truth” is a situation in which people accept an argument based on their emotions and beliefs, rather than on facts. 

In 2016, Western media had projected that Hillary Clinton will win US Presidential election and UK will not leave from EU. But the opposite happened in both cases.

Defination of Post-truth: 

Post-truth – an adjective defined as ‘relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief’.

In the world, people are dealing with a tricky situation involving "political correctness," "identity politics," and how we see minority groups compared to the majority. This is made more complicated because many people don't have a good education, there are more people without jobs, and there's a lot of fake news spreading around. 

Additionally, because of these issues, public opinion often depends on emotions and personal feelings rather than facts that can be proven true. This is a problem because it's causing a time where truth doesn't matter as much, and people are becoming less tolerant of each other. To make things better, we need to find ways to fix these problems and keep our societies strong. 

Now let us take some examples to understand it better. 

Examples of Post-truth: 

# Reality :

Farmers sell their land to businessmen at premium rates, receive payments in cash to avoid paying stamp duty.Many industrialists and film stars register as farmers to avoid income tax.If such 'rich' farmers are taxed, it'll improve the fiscal capacity of the state.

#Post-truth:

Farmers are committing suicide therefore anyone speaking about tax on agriculture income is insensitive and inhuman.

Resource of this news.

#Reality: 

Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān to immortalize his wife Mumtāz Maḥal.

#Post-truth: 

Taj Mahal was actually a temple of Shiva, known as Tejo Mahalaya.

Resource of this news. 

#Reality: 

English physiologist Robert G Edwards invented IVF.J. L. Baird invented Television.

#Post-truth :

All these things were invented by Indian rishis, as per the supplementary reading book in Gujarat education board.

Article of news is here.

#Reality:

Gurmeet Ram Ram rahim is a rapist.His conviction resulted into rioting and destruction of public property by his goons.

#Post-truth : 

Chinese Media's post-truth: India uses the border disputes to divert public attention away from the domestic conflicts arising from societal problem like this Dera sect leader's conviction!

Reference of this news.

Baba's own newspaper: Baba was wrongly framed by the drug mafia of Pakistan and to resolve the Doklam crisis.

Reference of this news.

#Reality:

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited data shows that more electricity was provided during Diwali than Ramzan or Eid.

#Post-truth:  

Accusation that Samajwadi party supplied more electricity during Muslim festivals.

Reference of this news.

Very recent controversy of Wrestler. 

Reference

Why Post-truth is growing? 

• Backlash against progressive cultural changes (intercaste/interfaith marriage, LGBT rights).
• Less educated rural population.
• Populist appeals to return to traditional values (Hindu Rashtra, Islamic State, anti-LGBT).
• Economic inequality and resentment towards migrants and marginalized communities.
• Personality-driven politics (Trump vs. Clinton, Modi vs. Sonia & Rahul).
• Tension between elected and bureaucratic leadership in policy implementation.
• Misinformation due to a lack of understanding among journalists and elites.
• Rapid spread of fear, rumors, and emotions on social media.
• Academic incentives for biased historical narratives. Such as Always writing about vedas and history. 

Why Post-truth is bad ?

•  Fake news leads to panic, disgust, and fear, causing violence and riots.
• Harm to social fabric (lynching, cow vigilantism).
• Encourages political opportunism.
• Damages India's global reputation in science and technology.
• Manipulated history doesn't help students' character development.
•  Media highlights controversial figures with large followings, making it hard to counter their claims.
• Diverts attention from real issues.
•  Growing intolerance towards artistic freedom. (book and movie vandalism, bans)

In sum up,  In a post-truth world, where feelings matter more than facts, we can improve things by teaching people to think critically, check information, and support honest reporting. This helps us make better decisions and trust information again.

Thank you. 

Dryden- An Essay on Dramatic peosy

Hello,

This blog is based on Sunday reading activity given by Dilip Sir. You can find some interesting arguments upon Dryden in it. 

 For backgrond reading you can visit this link. 

Background Reading

 1. Do you find any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's defination of play ? 

Aristotle's tragedy: A noble character's problems lead to their own downfall, making the audience feel emotions.

Dryden's play: It's just a form of entertainment with different stories and characters, not just tragic ones. Aristotle is specific, Dryden is general.

So we can see that Aristotle is talking in larger sense on the other hand Dryden is talking in general.

2. If you are supposed to give your personal prediction, would you be on the side of Ancient or Modern? 

If I have to predict than I will be one the side of modern because they are more liberal in every way. 

For example, as Dryden mentioned in the eassy that violation of unties helps in making play more interesting. In modern times, people are accepting every kind of entertainment. For surviving in present time every kind of scene must be included in the play and that's what Dryden emphasised. 

In addition, moderns used ancient play for imitation but they provides new storyline with new perspective. Apart from that modern used blank verse and other prose writing which is near to audience that is why I am in fever of Moderns.

3. Do you think that the arguments presented in the favour of French plays  against English plays are appropriate? 

We can find some arguments valid and some invalid. 

• Talking about violation of unities which Lisedius stated against English plays that it cannot followed it, it is wrong. Breaking the unities can helped in writing variety of genres. 
• English plays also based on well-known stories of King and monarchy. However, we can find that it deals with common people too. So now when we are coming out from the threshold of old age every man has right to come into the literature. Moreover, the majority of the audience of the play belonging from the common people so how far writers only write upon well-known stories. Shakespeare and Marlowe even other Renaissance writers brought up the idea of making a common man hero. 
• English writers and plays also deal with truth and fiction. For example, Macbeth in reality has all different story but Shakespeare made it fiction with use of some truths. The Spanish Tragedy also deals with same kind of truth and fiction elements. So the argument of Lisedius upon this can be proved wrong. 
• English plays have fat plot, but it adds vivisious in the play. In the real life incidents happened with so many things such as in the King Lear we can find sub-plot which adds more liveliness in the play. In the play every character has their own story so fat plot can helped us in understanding deep situations. Subplot of Gloucester and his son play vital role in tragedy of King Lear, so that fat plot provides better image.
• In the English plays most of the time apart from central character, other characters are neglected. Nevertheless, in Modern English play it is appearnt that even retelling of the story can tell the story. For example minor characters of Hamlet get place in the other play. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" is  a play written by Tom Stoppard is one of them.
• Discription of ridiculous and absurd things can entertain audience. Potter's scene in Macbeth gives comic relief. Even the fighting scenes can provide feelings of chivalry.
• Catharsis emerges from death scenes. It creates audience's direct connection with the play, and which leads to delight and pleasure. Dryden also agreed on it that mind can not discriminate between reel and real so it provides same kind of feelings and deeper connections. 
• French plays provides good narration, but reality is far more different. How far writers only write upon good things. Human nature should be celebrated and it has grey shed which means evil side too, that's what English play write upon. Dryden belongs to Neo-classical age and it is famous for its rational and realistic approach towards the literature so that English play also used it. 

4. What would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play? 

I believed that prosaic dialogues are more appropriate in the modern time. At the end literature is for the people and what people absorb it can be written. So, according to time dailogues are more preferable. 

5. Any topic of your choice but pertaining to Dryden as father of criticism.

 John Dryden is often referred to as the "father of English literary criticism." He played a significant role in shaping the way we analyze and evaluate literature. Here's a brief explanation in simple terms:

John Dryden, who lived in the 17th century, was like the first teacher of how to really understand and talk about literature. He showed people how to look at poems, plays, and stories and figure out what makes them good or bad. Think of him as the first person to teach us how to "critique" or judge literature. His ideas on what makes good writing have influenced how we study and appreciate literature even today. So, he's like the "father" of literary criticism, teaching us how to think and talk about books and stories.

Work Cited: 

Barad, Dilip. An Essay on Dramatic Poesy: John Dryden. 2012. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20320.87040https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20320.87040.

Exploring Wordsworth's "Michael" - A Tale of Nature and Loss

Introduction:

William Wordsworth, one of the most celebrated poets of the Romantic era, had a deep and abiding connection with nature. His works often revolve around the beauty, serenity, and healing power of the natural world. One of his lesser-known yet poignant poems, "Michael," encapsulates this connection while also delving into themes of loss and rural life. In this blog post, we will explore Wordsworth's "Michael" in easy language and delve into the emotions and imagery the poem evokes.

Understanding "Michael":

"Michael" is a narrative poem that tells the story of an elderly shepherd named Michael and his wife, Isabel, who live in a remote valley surrounded by mountains. The poem captures their humble life, their love for each other, and their connection with the land and their flock of sheep.

The poem begins by describing the picturesque setting in which Michael and Isabel reside. Wordsworth vividly portrays the valley with its green pastures, the sound of the river, and the towering mountains that provide a sense of security and isolation.

The poem takes a melancholic turn as it reveals that the couple had lost their only child, a son, many years ago. This tragedy has left a profound impact on Michael. He copes with his grief by immersing himself in his work as a shepherd. Michael's dedication to his sheep and the land becomes his solace and a way to channel his emotions.

The Loss of the Flock:

As the poem unfolds, it becomes evident that Michael's dedication to his flock and his commitment to the land are unparalleled. He has a deep understanding of the behavior of his sheep and tends to them with great care. Wordsworth's description of Michael's interaction with his flock highlights the shepherd's deep connection with nature.

However, tragedy strikes again when one stormy winter night, Michael's entire flock of sheep is lost. This devastating event leads to further grief and despair for Michael and Isabel. The loss of the sheep represents not only their livelihood but also their connection to the land and the natural world.

Isabel's Support:

Throughout the poem, Isabel emerges as a pillar of strength and support for Michael. She understands his pain and loss and stands by him during their moments of sorrow. Isabel's character embodies the idea of companionship and resilience in the face of adversity. She shares Michael's love for the land and their simple way of life.

A Return to Nature:

In the aftermath of the sheep's loss, Michael experiences a crisis of identity and purpose. He begins to question the meaning of his life and the choices he has made. Wordsworth portrays Michael's internal struggle, emphasizing his deep connection to the land and the flock.

Michael eventually decides to leave the valley and his cherished home. He chooses to become a wanderer, seeking solace and perhaps a new beginning. This decision is both heartbreaking and symbolic, as it marks a departure from the life he had known for so long.

A Sense of Closure:

In the final stanza of the poem, Wordsworth brings the narrative full circle. He describes how, many years later, Michael's bones are discovered by a traveler in the valley. This poignant moment signifies a sense of closure and a return to the land that Michael loved so dearly.

Now, let's take a closer look at a simplified version of the poem "Michael" by William Wordsworth:

In yon green valley where the mountains rise,

Lived Michael and his wife, under open skies.

They were shepherds, tending to their sheep,

In a peaceful valley, where their secrets they'd keep.

Their son was their joy, their pride and delight,

He brought warmth to their days and love in the night.

But fate can be cruel, and tragedy unfurled,

Took away their son, the light of their world.

In this quiet valley, they continued to dwell,

Michael and Isabel, a life they knew well.

They cherished the land, the meadows so green,

The river's soft murmur, a tranquil scene.

But grief and despair did not leave their side,

When a stormy winter night brought a terrible tide.

Their flock was lost, their livelihood shattered,

The land that they loved, now torn and tattered.

Isabel's love was steadfast and true,

She stood by Michael, as his grief grew.

Through sorrow and loss, they held each other tight,

Their love and resilience, a guiding light.

Michael's heart ached, his purpose unsure,

He questioned his life, and his choices impure.

He longed for a way to mend his soul,

To find a new purpose, to again be whole.

He left the valley, his home of many years,

Seeking solace, facing his deepest fears.

And in the end, his bones were found,

Back in the valley, where he'd once been bound.

Conclusion:

Wordsworth's "Michael" is a poignant exploration of the human connection with nature, the enduring bond between loved ones, and the profound impact of loss. Through the characters of Michael and Isabel, the poem reflects on the resilience of the human spirit and the healing power of the natural world. It reminds us that even in the face of adversity, the land and the love we share can provide solace and a sense of belonging.

Thank you.

Macbeth Worksheet Activity

Hello everyone,

This blog is based upon classroom activity assigned by Dilip Sir on Macbeth. You can visit worksheet of it by clicking below button.

Worksheet  

In the task we are learning to use chatgpt for getting proper answer. We are familiar with Google but Chatgpt is the platform where you can find appropriate answer. Here all the answers were generated by Chatgpt.

For detailed reading you can visit this blogspot. Teacher's blog

1. Soliloquy Analysis: 
Explain the soliloquy from Shakespeare's Macbeth : 'Tommorow, tommorow...tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.' Provide insights into its context, significance, and it's impact on the character of Macbeth.

In this soliloquy from Shakespeare's play "Macbeth," Macbeth is reflecting on the futility and meaninglessness of life. He starts with the famous lines, "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow," which emphasize the endless and repetitive nature of time. He likens life to a "tale told by an idiot," suggesting that life is like a meaningless story narrated by someone who lacks understanding. 

The phrase "full of sound and fury" describes the chaotic and noisy nature of life's events, while "signifying nothing" underscores Macbeth's belief that all these events ultimately have no purpose or significance.

This soliloquy occurs in Act 5, Scene 5, after Macbeth has become consumed by guilt and paranoia due to his ruthless pursuit of power. His wife, Lady Macbeth, has already died, and his grip on the throne is slipping. This soliloquy reveals Macbeth's deep despair and nihilistic outlook, showing how his ambition has led him to a dark and empty place. It's a pivotal moment in the play as it marks the culmination of Macbeth's tragic downfall and highlights the consequences of his ruthless actions.

In summary, this soliloquy reflects Macbeth's realization of the futility of life and the emptiness of his ambitions, illustrating the profound impact of his actions on his character, leading him to a state of despair and hopelessness.

2. The Great Chain of Being: 
Define the concept of the "Great Chain of Being" as it relates to Shakespeare's "Macbeth". How does this concept influence the characters and themes in the play ?

The "Great Chain of Being" was a concept during Shakespeare's time that portrayed a hierarchical order of the universe. It placed God at the top, followed by angels, humans, animals, and inanimate objects, all arranged in a structured order. Each being had a specific role and place in this cosmic hierarchy.

In "Macbeth," the concept of the Great Chain of Being is essential. Macbeth's actions disrupt this natural order. When he kills King Duncan to take the throne, he goes against the divine right of kings, which was seen as God's appointed order. This action leads to chaos in the play's world. Nature becomes disturbed, symbolized by strange occurrences like storms and animals behaving unnaturally.

Characters in "Macbeth" are deeply influenced by this concept. Macbeth's ambition drives him to break the Chain of Being, leading to his descent into madness. Lady Macbeth's desire for power and her manipulation of her husband also challenge this order.

Themes like ambition, fate, and the consequences of disrupting natural order are central to the play, all linked to the Great Chain of Being. It illustrates that when individuals try to upset the established order, it often results in tragedy and chaos, as seen in Macbeth's downfall and the overall turmoil in the play.

3. Film Adaptation Analysis: 
Choose a film adaptation of Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and explain why you believe it is the best adaptation. Discuss it's fidelity to the source material, directorial choices, and any unique interpretation that make it stand out. 

"Maqbool" is a 2003 Indian film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj. It's an adaptation of Shakespeare's "Macbeth" set in the Mumbai underworld, making it a unique and compelling interpretation of the classic play.

In "Maqbool," the characters and themes of "Macbeth" are transplanted into the gritty and crime-ridden backdrop of modern-day Mumbai. The film maintains the core elements of ambition, power, betrayal, and guilt, just like the original play.

What makes "Maqbool" stand out is its masterful blending of Shakespearean drama with Indian cinema. Vishal Bhardwaj skillfully adapts the story to the Indian context, adding cultural nuances and elements of Indian folklore while staying true to the essence of the source material. The performances by talented actors like Irrfan Khan and Tabu bring depth and complexity to the characters, making them relatable and believable in their criminal roles.

The film's dark and moody cinematography, along with its haunting musical score, adds to the atmospheric and intense nature of the story. "Maqbool" is praised for its creative interpretation of "Macbeth" and is considered a significant contribution to both Indian cinema and the world of Shakespeare adaptations.

4. Feminist Reading:
Define what a "Feminist Reading" of a literary text involves. Can you apply this approach to analyze the character of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth ? Explain how her character can be viewed from feminist perspective.

A "Feminist Reading" of a literary text involves examining it through the lens of gender equality and the portrayal of women. This approach seeks to uncover and critique how women are represented, their roles, and how power dynamics between genders are depicted in the text.

When applying a feminist perspective to the character of Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's "Macbeth," several key points can be highlighted:

1. Ambition and Agency: Lady Macbeth is a complex character who defies traditional gender roles of her time. She is ambitious, assertive, and actively involved in her husband's pursuit of power. A feminist reading celebrates her agency and challenges the idea that women should be passive or subservient.

2. Manipulation and Empowerment: Lady Macbeth's manipulation of Macbeth is a central aspect of her character. While this manipulation leads to destructive outcomes, it can be seen as a reflection of her desire for power in a society that limited women's access to it. A feminist analysis may sympathize with her yearning for empowerment.

3. Mental Health: Lady Macbeth's descent into madness is another element to explore. A feminist reading may emphasize the toll of the societal pressures and her own ambition on her mental health, shedding light on the consequences of gender expectations.

In summary, a feminist reading of Lady Macbeth acknowledges her complexity, challenges gender norms of her time, and delves into the societal pressures and consequences of her actions. It offers a nuanced perspective on her character beyond traditional interpretations.

Work Cited: 

"ChatGPT Conversation." ChatGPT Android app, 2 September 2023.

Thank you for visit.

Virtual Teachers Day

 This blog is made for the collective memory of the Teacher's Day Celebration 2023 at the Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

Preview of Virtual Teachers'Day video.

PPT of Virtual Teachers'Day.

Introduction to Indian Writing in English and the Indian Renaissance.pptx from Dhatri Parmar

You can watch a video on the YouTube platform. 

After watching video, I have uploaded two links here. First appear in quiz and get you certificate. Then you can also visit my Tes Ed lesson.

Click here for quiz : 

Quiz 

Click here for Ted Ed lesson: 

Ted Ed lesson

I am heartily greatful to Trushali Dodiya for recording the video.

Thank you for your valuable time.